Hormone Replacement References

Hormone Replacement References

Most references below are linked to the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE), click to access.

1. Cole KC. The Universe and the Teacup: The Mathematics of Truth and Beauty. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace & Co; 1998:32. (Why the, “risk that you assume by actually doing something seems far more risky than a risk you take by doing nothing, even though the risk of doing nothing may be greater.”

2. Bluming AZ. Hormone replacement therapy: Benefits and risks for the general postmenopausal female population and for women with a history of previously treated breast cancer. Semin Oncol 1993; 20(6):662–74.

3. Burkman RT, Collins JA, Greene RA. Current perspectives on benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185(2 suppl):S13–23.

4. Gorsky RD, Koplan JP, Peterson HB, Thacker SB. Relative risks and benefits of long term estrogen replacement therapy: A decision analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83(2):161–6.

5. Col NF, Eckman MH, Karas RH, et al. Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1997; 277(14):1140–7.

6. Taubes G. Epidemiology faces its limits. Science 1995; 269(5221):164–9.

7. Moher D, Schultz KF, Altman D, for the CONSORT Group. The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel- group randomized trials. JAMA 2001; 285(15):1987–91.

8. Sterne JA, Davey Smith G. Sifting the evidence-what’s wrong with significance tests? BMJ 2001; 322(7280):226–31.

9. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentic RL, and the Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2002; 288(3):321–33.

10. Pederson AT, Ottesen B. Issues to debate on the Women’s Health Intitiative (WHI) study. Epidemiology or randomized clinical trials—time out for hormone replacement therapy studies? Hum Reprod 2003; 18(11):2241–4.

11. NIH website. Release of the results of the estrogen plus progestin trial of the Women’s Health Initiative: Data and safety monitoring [press release]. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/women/anderson.htm.

12. Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K, Coleman M. Long-term surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 94(7):620–35.

13. Bergkvist L, Adami HO, Persson I, Bergstrom R, Krusemo UB. Prognosis after breast cancer diagnosis in women exposed to estrogen and estrogen progestogen replacement therapy. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 130(2):221–8.

14. Sacchini V, Zurrida S, Andreoni G, et al. Pathologic and biological prognostic factors of breast cancers in short-and long-term hormone replacement therapy users. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9(3):266–71.

15. Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, and the WHI Investigators. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003; 289(24):3243–53.

16. Santen RJ, Pinkerton J, McCartney C, Petroni GR. Risk of breast cancer with progestins in combination with estrogen as hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(1):16–23.

17. Henderson BE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK. Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151(1):75–8.

18. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality. N Engl J Med 1997; 336(25):1769–75.

19. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, and the Women’s Health Initiative Screening Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmeopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2004; 291(14):1701-12

20. Sullivan JM, Vander-Zwaag R, Hughes JP, et al. Estrogen replacement and coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:2557–62.

21. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, Vittinghoff E. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280:605–13.

22. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(8):522–9.

23. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133(12):933–41.

24. Benson K, Hartz AJ. A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(25):1878–86.

25. Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(25):1887–92.

26. Poynard T, Munteanu M, Ratziu V, et al. Truth survival in clinical research: An evidence-based requiem? Ann Intern Med 2002; 136(12):888–95.

27. Shumaker SA, Legault C, Rapp SR, and the WHIMS Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289(20):2651–62.

28. Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L, et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA 2004; 291(24):2947-58.

29. Hays J, Ockene JK, Brunner RL, and the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(19):1839–54.

30. Ahlgren M, Sorensen T, Wohlfahrt J, Haflidadottir A, Holst C, Melbye M. Birth weight and risk of breast cancer in a cohort of 106,504 women. Int J Cancer 2003; 107(6):997–1000.

31. Stripp C, Overvad K, Christensen J, et al. Fish intake is positively associated with breast cancer incidence rate. J Nutr 2003; 133(11):3664–9.

32. Pukkala F, Auvinen A, Wahlberg G. Incidence of cancer among Finnish airline cabin attendants, 1967-92. BMJ 1995; 311(7006):649–52.

33. Mawson AR. Breast cancer in female flight attendants. Lancet 1998; 352(9128):626.

34. Rafnsson V, Tulinius H, Jonasson JG, Hrafnkelsson J. Risk of breast cancer in female flight attendants: A population-based study (Iceland). Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12(2):95–101

35. Elias SG, Peeters PH, Grobbee DE, van Noord PA. Breast cancer risk after caloric restriction during the 1944-45 Dutch famine. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96(7):539–46.

36. Velicer CM, Heckbert SR, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Robertson CA, Taplin SH. Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2004; 291(7):827–35.

37. Borugian MJ, Sheps SB, Kim-Sing C, et al. Waist-to-hip ratio and breast cancer mortality. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158(10):963–8.

38. Zhu K, Hunter S, Payne-Wilks K, Roland CL, Forbes DS. Use of electric bedding devices and risk of breast cancer in African American women. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158(8):798–806.

Additional resources

The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density. Results from the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) Trial. 1996; JAMA 276(17):1389–96.

Michaelsson K, Baron JA, Farahmand BY, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of hip fracture: Population based case-control study. BMJ 1998; 316(7148):1858–63.

Eastell R. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(11):736–46.

Ravn P, Bistrup M, Wasnich RD, et al. Alendronate and estrogen-progestin in the long-term prevention of bone loss: Four-year results from the early postmenopausal intervention cohort study. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131(12):935–42.

Grodstein F, Martinez ME, Platz EA, et al. Postmenopausal hormone use and risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma. Ann Intern Med 1998;128(9):705–12.

Paganini-Hill A. Estrogen replacement therapy and colorectal cancer risk in elderly women. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42(10):1300–5.

Gann PH, Morrow M. Combined hormone therapy and breast cancer: a single-edged sword. JAMA 2003;289(24):3304–6.

Li CI, Malone KE, Porter PL, et al. Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2003; 289(24):3254–63.

Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156(19):2213–7.

Tang MX, Jacobs D, Stern Y, et al. Effect of estrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1996;348(9025):429–32.

Simpkins JW, Green PS, Gridley KE, Singh M, de Fiebre NC, Rajakumar G. Role of estrogen replacement therapy in memory enhancement and the prevention of neuronal loss associated with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med 1997; 103(3A):19S–25S.

Rice MM, Graves AB, McCurry SM, Larson EB. Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive function in postmenopausal women without dementia.Am J Med 1997; 103(3A):26S–35S.

Sherwin BB. Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998; 217(1):17–22.

Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KR, et al. Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during working memory tasks. JAMA 1999; 281(13):1197–202.

Alkayed NJ, Murphy SJ, Traystman RJ, Hurn PD, Miller VM. Neuroprotective effects of female gonadal steroids in reproductively senescent female rats. Stroke 2000; 31(1):161–8.

Yang SH, Shi J, Day AL, Simpkins JW. Estradiol exerts neuroprotective effects when administered after ischemic insult. Stroke 2000; 31(3):745–9.

Mayeux R. Can estrogen or selective estrogen-receptor modulators preserve cognitive function in elderly women? N Engl J Med 2001; 344(16):1242–4.

Shepherd JE. Effects of estrogen on congnition mood, and degenerative brain diseases. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2001; 41(2):221–8.

LeBlanc ES, Janowsky J, Chan BK, Nelson HD. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA 2001; 285(11):1489–99.

Zandi PP, Carlson MC, Plassman BL, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: The Cache County Study. JAMA 2002; 288(17):2123–9.

Resnick SM, Henderson VW. Hormone therapy and risk of Alzheimer disease: A critical time. JAMA 2002; 288(17):2170–2.